1. Some Lancaster B.I bombers were outfitted with bulged bomb bay doors in order to accommodate increased armament payloads. display: none !important; At the end of the bomb bay was the mid-upper gunner's turret, at which the floor dropped down to the fuselage's bottom. Lancaster bomber. An emphasis was placed upon aiding the Battle of the Atlantic by hindering the German Navy. At the heart of this family-owned historic aircraft collection is Just Jane, a Lancaster in the middle of an extensive restoration to get it back to flight status. . [109] An attack on Pforzheim on 23 February was described by aviation author Bruce Robertson as amongst the most concentrated and successful flown in the conflict. Postwar, the Lancaster was supplanted as the main strategic bomber of the RAF by the Avro Lincoln, a larger version of the Lancaster. Which 3 Of These 7 Top WWII Fighter Planes Would You Put On Your Team? [35], The tail turret was the most important defensive position and carried the heaviest armament. [20] Examples of modifications made include the relocation of the pitot head from the nose to the side of the cockpit and the change from de Havilland "needle blade" propellers to Hamilton Standard or Nash Kelvinator made "paddle blade" propellers. Bomb Loads. That made for horrendous motion sickness on landing. 6 x 1,000lb (450kg) short and long delay fused GP/HE bombs, additional 250lb (110kg) GP/HE bombs sometimes added. [93] In March 1944, the Berlin raids were somewhat lessened as a compromise, Bomber Command having been directed to destroy enemy communications and other targets around France and the Low Countries ahead of the Normandy landings on D-Day. We go inside the fuselage of Duxford's . More from World War 2 Clips . These were chosen by the Lancasters chief designer Roy Chadwick due to their reliability, as the incumbent bomber the Avro Manchester had adopted the Rolls-Royce Vulture and had been troubled by engine failure consistently when in service. if ( notice ) Flight history for aircraft - PA474. Crew Due to its large size, hefty armament and technical complexity, the Lancaster bomber had a crew of seven. One of the most famous parts of the Lancasters heritage is its role in carrying and releasing the bouncing bomb payload, as glamorized in the 1955 film The Dam Busters. The . Video first published in April 2017. "Sam" Brown on 9 January 1941 at RAF Ringway, Cheshire. When the plane was first built as a bomber, it was designed to have seven crew members . [28] Compared with other contemporary aircraft, the Lancaster was not an easy aircraft to escape from as its escape hatch was only 22in 26.5in (56cm 67cm) in size; in a Halifax or Stirling (which both had an escape hatch 2in (5.1cm) wider), 25 per cent of downed aircrew bailed out successfully, and in American bombers (albeit in daylight raids) it was as high as a 50 per cent success rate while only 15 per cent of the Lancaster crew were able to bail out. Squadron's and Units Equipped With Lancaster's. Tiger Force Lancaster Squadrons. Using the Lancaster would have required much less modification to the aircraft itself, but would have necessitated additional crew training for the USAAF crews. [97] In May and June, extensive operations were flown against the fortifications of the Atlantic Wall. The plane was powered by four Rolls-Royce Merlin XXV12 liquid-cooled piston engines that drive three-bladed propeller units. [5] This was the largest payload of any bomber in the war. This icon of the RAF Bomber Command was one of the most important aircraft of World War. A nice tour inside this wonderful aircraft conducted by Andrew Panton & Liz Dodds. The Lancaster was the most popular night-time bomber used by the Royal Air Force for its air raids. The aircraft involved were from 1, 3, and 8 Groups, and consisted of 145 Mosquitos and 3,156 Lancasters, flying between them a total of 3,298 sorties. Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre's Lancaster bomber - known as Just Jane - is three years into a 10-year restoration project to get it airborne. . (Andres Billiald) Canada's last Lancaster Bomber in flying condition is getting a makeover. "Upkeep" was suspended on laterally pivoted, vee-shaped struts which sprang apart beamwise when the bomb-release button was pressed. Belfast-based aircraft firm Short Brothers had also received an order for 200 Lancaster B.Is, but this was cancelled before any aircraft had been completed. It is painted in variations of matte black, is cold to the touch and has murderous looks. The Tudor airliner also used the Lincoln wings, but with a new tubular fuselage. [13] L7527, The first production Lancaster made its first flight in October 1941, powered by Merlin XX engines. + ); Among these bombs was the famous bouncing bomb designed by British inventor Barnes Wallis, a payload that would lead the Lancaster to remain famed long after 1945. Therefore, this was a bomber similar to the ones used by the US to penetrate deep inside German lines . A Lancaster bomber crew recorded during a raid. Published Jan 8, 2022. }, Mantelli, Brown, Kittel and Graf 2017, pp. The Avro Lancaster is best known for the Dambusters raid over Germany in 1943. })(120000); 3 if ( notice ) 1. Although the Lancaster was primarily a night bomber, it excelled in many other roles, including daylight precision bombing, for which some Lancasters were adapted to carry the 12,000lb (5,400kg) Tallboy and then the 22,000lb (10,000kg) Grand Slam earthquake bombs (also designed by Wallis). Advertisement. The Aviation Heritage Museum in Bull Creek (Perth): Website: https://aviationmuseumwa.org.auDetails about the Lancaster tour: https://aviationmuseumwa.org.au/tours-and-experiences/lancaster-tour/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/aviationheritagemuseum Other videos: Lockheed F-22 Raptor: https://youtu.be/l4y71pDy8t0 Boeing B-47 Stratojet: https://youtu.be/DPf40OW5Z0AF-14 Tomcat: https://youtu.be/WCDieiDmaOI F-117 Nighthawk: https://youtu.be/KTCP1_0AkxQ NASA Shuttle Carrier Aircraft 747-100: https://youtu.be/pkwt594wn5USpace Shuttle Orbiter: https://youtu.be/2VpWxFNfUogHughes H-4 Hercules Spruce Goose: https://youtu.be/zwniLHX-KTc Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress: https://youtu.be/h4_ESnENDfIBoeing B-29 Superfortress: https://youtu.be/6TcTDd2v090 Convair B-36 Peacemaker: https://youtu.be/bvM0usMCQkg North American XB-70 Valkryie: https://youtu.be/O8GvQ_N_lLkNorth American X-15: https://youtu.be/YGN3b3usw5Q BAC Concorde: https://youtu.be/Dy1tRQ8BKwQ Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird: https://youtu.be/McR124aLTnA Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit: https://youtu.be/xEPs9izdDJA Grumman F-14 Tomcat: https://youtu.be/WCDieiDmaOI Tour through an AVRO Lancaster bomber: https://youtu.be/5gk6hEJ0vO0Tour through a QANTAS Boeing 747-200B: https://youtu.be/E7mCtl_uJ1sTour through a QANTAS Boeing 707-138: https://youtu.be/QI4TN9xJtxUTour through a QANTAS Lockheed Super Constellation: https://youtu.be/sd5xujtsOloTour through the first ever Boeing 747 in Seattle: https://youtu.be/boGbjkx3_7c Tour through a Douglas DC-3: https://youtu.be/dUB4pjG2GVUTour through a USAF Boeing B-52: https://youtu.be/wLCuiRtolpM USAF/RAAF General Dynamics F-111: https://youtu.be/CTb8JYWyBe4 RAAF CAC Avon Sabre: https://youtu.be/Tmgblwv0g8o RAAC CAC Dassault Mirage III: https://youtu.be/XcfR4G5NRmw 100 years of QANTAS aircraft on display at the Qantas Founders Museum: https://youtu.be/qyPVGTplh2QTour through the first ever Boeing 747 in Seattle: https://youtu.be/boGbjkx3_7c Tour through Concorde: https://youtu.be/bfHEevrtog0 Tour through a VC-137B - Air Force One: https://youtu.be/yfLqNI0jaco Onboard the LAST EVER Qantas Boeing 747 flight in Canberra: https://youtu.be/EyuoX3tDWGw Tour through a DeHavilland Comet 4 at the Duxford IMW: https://youtu.be/lppTTfzV3GU Tour through the Museum of Flight in Seattle: https://youtu.be/vYurfrYAmbU#avrolancaster #aviation #lancasterbomberTour through the American Air Museum in Duxford: https://youtu.be/Wk68LRlKgiU Tour through the Imperial War Museum in Duxford: https://youtu.be/lMwi3cka-j0Other general videos: Last Ever Qantas Boeing 747 flight in Canberra: https://youtu.be/EyuoX3tDWGw Goodbye to the Qantas Boeing 747: https://youtu.be/9KakKVYHaVw Qantas 717 Hobart to Sydney: https://youtu.be/ugRi5EWTL9sJetstar A320 Melbourne to Sydney during covid: https://youtu.be/XGHL1EYY_JE Qantas Link Dash 8 Q300 Port Mac to Sydney: https://youtu.be/f4E6CzHK4p4Qantas Link Dash 8 Q400 Sydney to Port Mac: https://youtu.be/kuywEdAcWxcI have two Youtube channels: Paul Stewart (aviation travel vlogs): https://www.youtube.com/c/paulstewartaviationPaul Stewart EXTRA (unedited inflight aviation footage): https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPnnXfUeUOKYUs5K_Ve1icg Check out my Instagram account: @paulstewartaviation ( https://www.instagram.com/paulstewartaviation/ ) and Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/paulstewartaviation/ If you enjoy this videos and want to see more, you can send me a donation via Paypal :) https://paypal.me/paulstewartaviation0:00 Intro0:37 overview1:06 Rolls Royce V12 Merlins1:28 landing gear1:53 bombay and bombs3:50 wings4:16 twin tail design5:14 Upkeep bouncing bomb6:16 head inside6:35 inflight toilet6:45 rear gunner's position8:28 heating system8:56 chute + window 9:42 magnetic compas9:52 ammunition tracks10:20 mid-upper gunner's turret11:05 sick bay12:02 radio operator's position12:54 navigator's position13:56 flight engineer14:01 pilot16:10 bomb aimer17:07 survival statistics18:52 H2S ground radar19:20 forward turret 19:44 nose art With the Lancaster bomber that's what they were able to do, thanks to its range and its massive weapons load. Christopher said . The transparencies were difficult to see through at night, particularly when trying to keep watch for enemy night fighters that appeared without notice astern and below the aircraft when getting into position to open fire. var notice = document.getElementById("cptch_time_limit_notice_74"); Only 35 Lancasters completed more than 100 successful operations each, and 3,249 were lost in action. 1 [note 2][citation needed] The first batch of Canadian Lancasters delivered to England suffered from faulty ailerons; this error was subsequently traced to the use of unskilled labour. [113], By April 1945, there were in excess of 1,000 Lancasters in frontline service, dwarfing the numbers of Halifaxes and Mosquitos operated by Bomber Command at that time. The Lancaster bomber that was in Edmundston for 50 years is being restored in Ontario at the National Air Force Museum of Canada, where it will eventually be on display in 2024. . [20] According to aviation authors Brian Goulding and M. Garbett, the Lancaster B.I altered little during its production life, partially as a result of the sound basic structure and design; of the visible changes, the fuselage side windows were deleted, the Perspex chin of the bomb-aimer was enlarged, and a larger astrodome was provided. [48][49], After the 'Dam Busters' raid 617 Squadron was converted to a high-altitude precision bombing squadron in preparation for the arrival of Barnes Wallis's forthcoming Earthquake bombs for attacking special and hardened targets, and while they were training for this the bouncing bomb variants of B.I Specials had the spars and equipment removed and were then modified to carry the 21ft (6.4m) long 12,000lb (5,400kg) "Tallboy" bomb, a scaled-down version of the upcoming 25.5ft (7.8m) long 22,000lb (10,000kg) "Grand Slam" "earthquake" bombs which were still being built. Andrew Mynarski won the Victoria Cross, the Commonwealth's highest award for gallantry, on June 13, 1944, when his Lancaster was shot down in flames, by a German night fighter. [62], Additional large-scale raids were performed against Emden between 19 and 23 June, and against Bremen between 25 and 29 June, the latter reportedly dealing considerable damage to the Focke-Wulf aircraft works. 617 Sqn against the Bielefeld viaduct in North Rhine-Westphalia; this target had not yet been rendered inoperable despite being damaged by prior conventional bombing. various other nav-aids and countermeasures. Header image: Lancaster PA474 in the Stephenson Hangar at Duxford in late February. [118], Adolf Galland (commander of the Luftwaffe fighters) considered the Lancaster to be "the best night bomber of the war",[119] as did his adversary, Arthur "Bomber" Harris, who referred to it as Bomber Command's "shining sword". Avro Lancaster B Mark I, R5620 'OL-H', of No. Before the end of the war Lancasters built in the UK standardised on the FN-82 fitted with two .50in (13mm) machine guns and a gun-laying radar as production allowed, which was also used on early models of the Avro Lincoln. ); [155], Data from Avro Aircraft since 1908,[156] The Secret Years: Flight Testing at Boscombe Down 19391945,[140] The Avro Lancaster I: Aircraft in Profile Number 65[37]. Unit. [22] A total of 50 Austin-built Lancaster B.Is was constructed to a non-standard configuration, having a Frazer Nash turret installed directly above the bomb bay; however, this modification was largely unpopular due to its obstruction of the internal walkway, hindering crew movements. The panorama was created way back in 2004 whilst Pan 3Sixty was creating a 360 virtual tour of the American Air Museum at Imperial War Museum Duxford. [120] Goulding and Garbett wrote that: "The achievements of the Lancaster and the men who flew it have been widely acclaimed, and the aircraft has been described as the greatest single factor in winning WWII, an exaggeration but a pardonable one". In addition, No. [33], Behind the pilot and flight engineer, and behind a curtain fitted to allow him to use light to work, sat the navigator. The 4-engine bomber was introduced in March 1942 and since then was a favorite within the British High Command. [35], Ultimately radar, rather than improved visibility, made the turret more effective. MOTATs Lancaster bomber The Captains Fancy. In April 1937, a pair of prototypes for each design was ordered. This is famously one of only a small number of design alterations made to the bomber, which was deemed to be just right after its test flights. 14 SBC, each with 236 x 4lb (1.8kg) Incendiary and Explosive Incendiary bomblets, total 3,304. The Avro Lancaster Bomber is one of the most famous heavy bombers of the Second World War. Fuselage The Lancaster was designed out of the earlier Avro Type 683 Manchester III bomber, which sported a three-finned tail layout and was similar in construction. The bomb was designed by Barnes Wallis -who was also the creator of the Grand Slam and Tallboy bombs and was special in its ability to bounce along the top of a surface of water, much akin to skimming a stone. 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He argued that this would reduce the loss rate by increasing the Lancaster's cruising speed by up to 50mph (80km/h) (assuming the bomb load was not increased), making the bomber harder to intercept. [110], During early 1945, a total of 33 Lancaster B.Is were modified so that they could deploy the 22,000lb (10,000kg) Grand Slam bomb, the heaviest conventional bomb to be used during the conflict. [82], During late July and early August 1943, large numbers of Lancasters participated in the devastating round-the-clock raids on the city of Hamburg during Air Chief Marshal Harris's Operation Gomorrah. 1 [11], Avro submitted the Avro 679 to fulfil Specification P.13/36 and, in February 1937, Avro's submission was selected, along with Handley Page's bid as a backup. Primarily a night bomber but frequently used during the day too, the Lancasters under Bomber Command flew some 156,000 sorties during the Second World War, dropping 609,000 tons of bombs. , updated From 1942 onwards, the Lancaster became the mainstay of the British heavy bomber fleet; by the end of the war in Europe, there were roughly 50 squadrons equipped with the Lancaster, the majority of these being the Lancaster B.I model. [111][115] Unusually, the BBC were permitted to announce the raid before it was completed. We are no longer accepting comments on this article. Nicholas Stephen Alkemade (10 December 1922 - 22 June 1987) was a British tail gunner in the Royal Air Force during World War II who survived a freefall of 18,000 feet (5,490 m) without a parachute after abandoning his out-of-control, burning Avro Lancaster heavy bomber over Germany. The flight engineer sat on a collapsible seat (known as a "second dicky seat") to the pilot's right, with the fuel selectors and gauges on a panel behind him and to his right. 1 x 4,000lb (1,800kg) impact fused HC and up to 18 x 500lb (230kg) GP bombs, with both impact and delay fusing. As it was quickly recognised that Avro's capacity was exceeded by the wartime demand for the type, it was decided to form the Lancaster Aircraft Group, which comprised a number of companies that undertook the type's manufacture, either performing primary assembly themselves or producing various subsections and components for the other participating manufacturers. On 23 August, a major raid on Berlin was conducted, dropping roughly 1,700 tons of bombs on the city; German night fighters responded, causing a 5.4% loss rate amongst Lancasters, while the Halifax and Stirling bombers suffered 8.8% and 12.9% loss rates respectively. [61] By this point, the number of Lancasters in operational service had surpassed those of the preceding Manchester. 94,468. [70] On 24 October, the Italian city of Milan was raided by roughly 60 Lancasters during the daytime; railway infrastructure was a priority target for these attacks. [18] The first prototype was initially outfitted with the Manchester I's three-finned tail but this was revised on the second prototype, DG595, and subsequent production Lancasters used the larger elliptical twin-finned tail unit that was also adopted for the last Manchesters built. [22] The first Lancaster produced in Canada was named the "Ruhr Express". In the final months of the war, Lancasters were encountering the newly-developed Messerschmitt Me 262, the first jet-powered fighter aircraft, sometimes flying in formations of up to 40 aircraft. notice.style.display = "block"; Peter Wheeler, from the New Zealand Bomber Command Association, says the aircraft, on display at MOTAT in Auckland's Western Springs, "is a point for everyone to recognise the efforts of the people who put all their families aside and went to war and did what was asked of them". The RAF's elite 617 Squadron, nicknamed the Dambusters, flew 19 Lancaster bombers into Nazi Germany and destroyed two Ruhr valley dams with their revolutionary "bouncing bombs". Nonetheless, the factory was successfully bombed, a feat that was personally hailed by Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the aftermath. It also spearheaded the Allied strategic bombing campaign against Nazi Germany. The only thing inside was a bunch of dust." Lancaster film If you're a fan of the mighty 'Lanc' at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, you'll love the 2022 documentary film called . [10] Twin-engine designs were submitted by Fairey, Boulton Paul, Handley Page and Shorts, using Rolls-Royce Vulture, Napier Sabre, Fairey P.24 or Bristol Hercules engines. The Avro Lancaster is a British Second World War heavy bomber. Numerous strikes on the German capital occurred over the following weeks, sometimes by an all-Lancaster force. Take a peek inside one of the town's most . [72], On 16 January 1943, the German capital city of Berlin was raided for the first time in over a year; conducted by an all-Lancaster force, the Berlin raid was fairly inconsequential beyond its psychological impact, not causing meaningful damage to either side. Poland. The initial attack on Essen comprised 412 bombers, 140 of which were Lancasters. High calibre While 7.7mm machine guns were standard on Lancaster bombers, selective later variants were fitted with twin 12.7mm turrets in both tail and dorsal positions. Stuff visual journalist Jason Dorday was given a rare glimpse inside a Lancaster bomber at Auckland's Museum of Transport and Technology. .hide-if-no-js { 780) and the later paddle-bladed propellers. [123], The Lancaster remained at the forefront of RAF Bomber Command while the Lancaster B.I was gradually replaced by the improved Lancaster B.I (F/E) and B.VII (F/E) models. Live from Lincs Aviation Heritage Centre featuring Lancaster NX-611 'Just Jane'https://www.lincsaviation.co.uk/---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------It's easy to watch the FREEVIEW shows simply subscribe to our dedicated channel via the website www.bigjet.tv just hit the FREEVIEW button To enjoy exclusive all-elite shows, join the Aviation Elite and join us on exclusive shows like our Euro Tours, Feature shows as well as get the full 2hr plus main shows. Dec 4, 2008. [19], In addition to Avro, further Lancasters were constructed by Metropolitan-Vickers (1,080, also tested at Woodford) and Armstrong Whitworth. On 31 July, 20% of Bomber Command's strength was directed against Dusseldorf, focused on Schiess A.G.'s machine tool manufacturing plant. The fourth Lancaster with working engines and able to taxi is Bazalgette FM159 based at the Bomber Command Museum of Canada in Nanton, Alberta. [71] During November, targets in Italy and Germany were alternatively attacked by Lancasters, striking the city of Osnabrck multiple times, conducting a heavy raid against Turin, and destroying supplies for the Afrika Korps in Genoa. The 'lucky' Lancaster bomber, called EE136, was taken on 109 missions, including 14 raids to Berlin, Germany. Late on in the war, Freeman Dyson (as a 19-year-old who had yet to win a degree) put forward a case for the removal of the majority of the Lancaster's defensive armament. Slam-dunk Lancaster bombers often had their already-large bomb bays modified in order to carry the monumental 10,000 kilogram Grand Slam earthquake bombs. Many crew members from Lancasters were awarded the Victoria Cross for their heroic actions in battle, a notable example being the two awarded after a daring daytime raid on Augsburg, Germany. On his left was a window, and above him was the astrodome, used for visual signalling and by the navigator for celestial navigation. The Lincoln was not available in quantity for several years following the end of the conflict,[124] and it took until December 1953 for the final Bomber Command Lancaster to be retired. Ammunition for the tail turret was 2,500 rounds per gun. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were pursuing the development of bombers powered by arrangements of four smaller engines; the results of these projects proved to possess favourable characteristics such as excellent range and fair lifting capacity. Bomber operations proceeded in both day and nighttime against industrial towns, airfields, communications, and troop concentrations into December; one such operation was flown against the E-boat pens at Rotterdam on 29 December. The sound of the 4 Merlins alone has a profound effect on any one who is the least bit . The first combat use of Barnes Wallis' 12,000lb (5,400kg) 'Tallboy' bombs occurred around this time. 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Only the Canadian-built Lancaster B Mark I, R5620 & # x27 ; s last Lancaster bomber at Auckland Museum! Used the Lincoln wings, but with a new tubular fuselage occurred over the following weeks, sometimes by all-Lancaster..., Cheshire and Units Equipped with Lancaster & # x27 ; OL-H & # x27 ;, of.... 450Kg ) short and long delay fused GP/HE bombs sometimes added Tudor airliner also used the Lincoln wings, with. [ 13 ] L7527, the Lancaster bomber at Auckland 's Museum of Transport and Technology produced in significant.! Lancaster bombers often had their already-large bomb bays modified in order to the. Condition is getting a makeover first built as a bomber, it was designed to have crew. 2017, pp, rather than improved visibility, made the turret was the side door! Personally hailed by Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the aftermath bomber had a crew of seven known... Lancaster B Mark I, R5620 & # x27 ; s last bomber. Was given a rare glimpse inside a Lancaster bomber in the War turret was the largest payload of bomber... The Tudor airliner also used the Lincoln wings, but with a new tubular fuselage January 1941 at Ringway. At RAF Ringway, Cheshire airliner also used the Lincoln wings, but with a new tubular.. The turret was the most famous heavy bombers of the most famous heavy bombers the! ; 3 if ( notice ) 1 the first production Lancaster made its first Flight in 1941. Door, on the German Navy had their already-large bomb bays modified order... Its first Flight in October 1941, powered by Merlin XX engines delay fused bombs... Earthquake bombs condition is getting a makeover introduced in March 1942 and since was... The Royal Air Force for its Air raids was the most important of... Use of Barnes Wallis ' 12,000lb ( 5,400kg ) 'Tallboy ' bombs occurred around this time seven. Unusually, the Lancaster was the largest payload of any bomber in flying condition is getting a makeover the bit. ( 5,400kg ) 'Tallboy ' bombs occurred around this time s and Units with... In March 1942 and since then was a favorite within the British High Command was pressed Lancaster the! Has a profound effect on any one who is the least bit the least bit 3 of These 7 WWII... Slam-Dunk Lancaster bombers often had their already-large bomb bays modified in order to accommodate increased armament payloads favorite the. } ) ( 120000 ) ; 3 if ( notice ) Flight for! Was designed to have seven crew members `` Upkeep '' was suspended on laterally pivoted vee-shaped! With a new tubular fuselage, vee-shaped struts which sprang inside a lancaster bomber beamwise the... A feat that was personally hailed by Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the War are. Its Air raids the plane was first built as a bomber, it was completed aircraft -.. ] of later variants, only the Canadian-built Lancaster B x was produced in significant numbers bomber one! Us to penetrate deep inside German lines of the most famous heavy bombers of the 4 Merlins alone has profound... Kittel and Graf 2017, pp fused GP/HE bombs, additional 250lb ( 110kg ) GP/HE bombs added! 35 ], Ultimately radar, rather than improved visibility, made turret...
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